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BUCKINGHAM'S PI THEOREM

BUCKINGHAM'S PI THEOREM  The  Buckingham  π  theorem  is a key  theorem  in  dimensional analysis . Buckingham ' s Pi theorem states that:    If there are n variables in a problem and these variables contain m primary dimensions (for example M, L, T) the equation relating all the variables will have (n-m) dimensionless groups.   Buckingham referred to these groups as π groups.   The final equation obtained is in the form of :                                                               π l = f(π 2 , π 3 ,….. π n-m )   The π groups must be independent of each other and no one group should be formed by multiplying together powers of other groups.   This method offers the advantage of being ...

Waveform Generator &Time-Base Generators

Waveform Generator Nonsinusoidal oscillators generate complex waveforms such as those just discussed. Because the outputs of these oscillators are generally characterized by a sudden change, or relaxation, these oscillators are often called RELAXATION OSCILLATORS. The pulse repetition rate of these oscillators is usually governed by the charge and discharge timing of a capacitor in series with a resistor. However, some oscillators contain inductors that along with circuit resistance, affect the output frequency. These RC and LC networks within oscillator circuits are used for frequency determination. Within this category of relaxation oscillators are MULTIVIBRATORS, BLOCKING OSCILLATORS, and SAWTOOTH- and TRAPEZOIDALWAVE GENERATORS. Many electronic circuits are not in an "on" condition all of the time. In computers, for example, waveforms must be turned on and off for specific lengths of time. The time intervals vary from tenths of microseconds to several...

TECH NEWS 20-11-2018

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